Here is a systematic, deep-dive overview of the significant current German political parties (as of 2025–2026), structured around the dimensions you care about: founding roots; ideological predecessors; internal factions and schisms; funding base & voter coalitions; continuities vs. breaks; and contested interpretations among analysts/historians. (German Campus)
🇩🇪 1. Christian Democratic Union (CDU) & Christian Social Union (CSU)
Founding & ideological roots
CDU was founded in 1945 after WWII by Christian democrats, conservatives, and liberals to unify anti-socialist forces and rebuild West Germany. (Wikipedia)
Predecessors include the Catholic Centre Party and conservative factions of the Weimar Republic.
Linked to “Christian democracy”: human dignity, social market economy, and integration into Europe. (Deutschland)
CSU is the regional sister-party in Bavaria, formed in 1945 from the Bavarian People’s Party. (Wikipedia)
Internal factions & schisms
CDU has historically spanned the moderate center-right to more conservative wings, with occasional internal disputes over migration and EU policy.
CSU often pushes more conservative policies than CDU, especially on social/migration issues.
Funding & voter coalition changes
Strong support from business, industry leaders, older voters, and rural constituencies.
According to the 2025 financial reporting, CDU/CSU received the largest share of significant donations among parties. (DIE WELT)
Coalition strategies have shifted: from sole CDU governments in the early postwar era to grand coalitions with the SPD in recent decades. (German Campus)
Continuities vs. breaks
Historians & contested views
🟥 2. Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
Founding & ideological roots
One of the world's oldest political parties, with roots in the 19th-century labour movement. (German Campus)
Formal name since 1890; historically affiliated with trade unions and working-class politics.
Internal factions & schisms
Funding & voter coalition changes
Historically, it drew from industrial workers and unions.
Recent decades have seen aging demographics and losses for Greens on environmental issues, and for AfD in some regions.
Continuities vs. breaks
Continues emphasis on social welfare, workers’ rights, and equality.
Some scholars see recent SPD ideology as moderated by coalition politics, thereby diluting the party's traditional social democratic character.
Contested interpretations
💚 3. Alliance 90/The Greens
Founding & ideological roots
Originated in anti-nuclear and environmental movements of the 1970s–1980s; formalized as a political party after German reunification. (Deutsche Welle)
Combines ecological priorities with progressive social policies.
Internal factions & schisms
Funding & voter coalition changes
Initially supported by younger, urban, and educated voters.
As climate policy moved mainstream, Greens drew broader electorates but also faced backlash over costs and regulatory approaches.
Continuities vs. breaks
Historians’ perspectives
🟡 4. Free Democratic Party (FDP)
Founding & ideological roots
Internal factions & schisms
Funding & voter coalition changes
Continuities vs. breaks
Consistent advocacy for low taxes and deregulation.
Recent weakness: The 2025 federal election fell below 5% threshold, prompting the leader’s resignation. (The Guardian)
Contested views
🔵 5. Alternative for Germany (AfD)
Founding & ideological roots
Founded in 2013 initially as a Eurosceptic, economically liberal alternative to the mainstream centre-right. (Wikipedia)
Shifted sharply right after the 2015 refugee crisis toward national conservatism and right-wing populism, with strong anti-immigration stances.
Internal factions & schisms
Funding & voter coalition changes
Continuities vs. breaks
Continuity in fostering nationalist, Eurosceptic sentiments.
Break from original economic liberalism toward cultural nationalism.
Contested interpretations
🟥 6. Die Linke (The Left)
Founding & ideological roots
Formed in 2007 from the post-communist Party of Democratic Socialism (successor to the East German SED) and western left groups. (Wikipedia)
Democratic socialism with an emphasis on welfare and anti-militarism.
Internal factions & schisms
Funding & voter coalition changes
Continuities vs. breaks
Contested views
🟪 7. Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW)
Founding & ideological roots
Internal factions & schisms
Funding & voter coalition changes
Continuities vs. breaks
Contested interpretations
🟦 8. Other current parties (minor, but noteworthy)
Volt Germany – pan-European, social liberal, pro-EU movement. (Wikipedia)
Party of Humanists – secularist, civil libertarian minor party. (Wikipedia)
Bündnis Deutschland – a new liberal-conservative group between CDU/CSU and AfD. (Wikipedia)
Values Union – national conservative breakaway from CDU. (Wikipedia)
Far-right fringe parties (e.g., The Third Way) – extremist groups outside mainstream parliament. (Wikipedia)
📊 Summary of Contemporary Bundestag Landscape (2025)
CDU/CSU: Largest party bloc.
AfD: Strong second, especially in eastern states.
SPD: Historically significant but declined.
Greens & Die Linke: Mid-sized, with distinct bases.
FDP & BSW: Near/parliament threshold climbers. (Statista Germany)
🧠 How Historians Disagree
Contested debates in scholarship and journalism include:
SPD’s legacy: transformative social reform vs. abandonment of traditional class roots.
AfD classification: populist movement vs. organized extremist threat. (Reddit)
Green institutionalization: the success of movement politics vs. the dilution of compromise.
Post-2015 fragmentation: trend toward polarized party system vs. adaptive multiparty democracy.
If you want, I can turn this into a party-by-party sourced dossier with selected primary documents and manifestos, plus citations to academic research and expert debate — just let me know how detailed you want that.